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In Utero is the third and final studio album by the American rock music band Nirvana, released on September 21, 1993, by DGC Records. After breaking into the mainstream with their previous album, Nevermind (1991), Nirvana hired Steve Albini to record In Utero, seeking a more complex, abrasive sound that was reminiscent of their work prior to Nevermind. Although the singer and primary songwriter Kurt Cobain claimed that the album was "very impersonal", many of its songs contain heavy allusions to his personal life and struggles, expressing feelings of angst that were prevalent on Nevermind.
The album was recorded over two weeks in February 1993 at Pachyderm Studio in Cannon Falls, Minnesota. After recording finished, rumors circulated that DGC might not release the album due to Albini's abrasive and uncommercial sound. The album was mastered by Bob Ludwig to achieve a more desirable sound for both Nirvana and their label. The band later hired the producer Scott Litt to remix the singles "All Apologies", "Heart-Shaped Box" and "Pennyroyal Tea".
In Utero was a major critical and commercial success. Critics praised its raw, unconventional sound and Cobain's lyrics. It reached number one on the US Billboard 200 and UK Albums Chart; "Heart-Shaped Box" and "All Apologies" reached number one on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart. The album is certified 6× Platinum in the US for 6 million sales and has sold 15 million copies worldwide. It was the final Nirvana album released before Cobain's suicide six months later. "Pennyroyal Tea", planned as a single prior to Cobain's death, was released in 2014 and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart.
Cobain wanted to start work in mid-1992, but his bandmates lived in different cities, and Cobain and his wife, Courtney Love, were expecting the birth of their daughter, Frances Bean.Azerrad, 1994. p. 312 Nirvana's record label, DGC Records, had hoped to release a new Nirvana album for the 1992 holiday season; instead, they released the compilation album Incesticide.Gaar, Gillian G. "Verse Chorus Verse: The Recording History of Nirvana". Goldmine. February 14, 1997.
In a Melody Maker interview published in July 1992, Cobain said he was interested in recording with Jack Endino, who had produced Nirvana's 1989 debut album Bleach, and Steve Albini, the former frontman of the noise rock band Big Black, who had produced various independent releases.True, Everett. "Nirvana: Crucified By Success?" Melody Maker. July 25, 1992. In Seattle in October 1992, Nirvana recorded several demos with Endino, mainly as instrumentals, including songs later rerecorded for In Utero.Gaar, 2006. p. 17 Endino recalled that they did not ask him to produce their next record, and that they constantly debated working with Albini.Gaar, 2006. p. 21–22
Nirvana recorded another set of demos while on tour in Brazil in January 1993.Gaar, 2006. p. 23 "Gallons of Rubbing Alcohol Flow Through the Strip" was recorded by Craig Montgomery at BMG Ariola Ltda in Rio de Janeiro, during the three-day demo session. It was originally titled "I'll Take You Down to the Pavement", a reference to an argument between Cobain and the Guns N' Roses singer Axl Rose at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards.
Nirvana chose Albini to record their third album. Cobain said he chose Albini because he had produced two of his favorite records, Surfer Rosa (1988) by the Pixies and Pod (1990) by the Breeders. Cobain wanted to use Albini's technique of capturing the natural Reverberation of a room via the placement of several microphones, something previous Nirvana producers had been averse to trying.
Albini was known in the American independent music scene for his criticism of the mainstream music industry and had a strict preference for analog recording rather than digital.DeRogatis, 2003. p. 5–6 He sent a disclaimer to the British music press denying rumors of his involvement with Nirvana, only to receive a call from Nirvana's management a few days later.Azerrad, 1994. p. 313 Albini dismissed Nirvana as "R.E.M. with a fuzzbox" and "an unremarkable version of the Seattle sound". However, he accepted the job because he felt sorry for them, perceiving them as "the same sort of people as all the small-fry bands I deal with," at the mercy of their record company.Azerrad, 1994. p. 314
Before recording began, Nirvana sent Albini a tape of the demos they had made in Brazil. In return, Albini sent Cobain a copy of the then-unreleased PJ Harvey album Rid of Me (1993) to give him an idea of the acoustics at the studio where they would record.Gaar, 2006. p. 39 Albini said that Cobain was impressed with the sound of Harvey's vocals on the album, "He really liked the way her singing came across. He was a fan."
Nirvana arrived at Pachyderm Studio without their equipment and spent much of the first three days waiting for it to arrive by mail. Once recording began, on February 13, work moved quickly. On most days, the group began work around midday, took breaks for lunch and dinner, and worked until midnight. For most songs, Cobain, Novoselic, and Grohl recorded their basic instrumental tracks together as a band. For faster songs, such as "Very Ape" and "Tourette's", the drums were recorded separately in a kitchen for its natural Reverb effect. Albini surrounded Grohl's drum kit with about 30 microphones. Cobain added additional guitar tracks to about half of the songs, then guitar solos, and finally vocals. The band did not discard takes and kept virtually everything they recorded.
Albini saw himself more as an engineer than a producer; despite his personal opinions, he let the band choose takes.Azerrad, 1994. p. 316 He said, "Generally speaking, Cobain knows what he thinks is acceptable and what isn't acceptable ... He can make concrete steps to improve things that he doesn't think are acceptable."Azerrad, 1994. p. 317 Cobain reportedly recorded all his vocal tracks in six hours.Gaar, 2006. p. 61 Albini said that Cobain, who had struggled with drug addiction, was focused and sober in the studio.
Recording was completed in six days; Cobain had anticipated disagreements with Albini, whom he had heard "was supposedly this sexist jerk", but called the process "the easiest recording we've ever done, hands down". The only disruption occurred a week into the sessions, when Love arrived because she missed Cobain. Weston's girlfriend, the studio's chef, said that Love created tension by criticizing Cobain's work and was confrontational with everyone present.
The initial mix of In Utero took five days. This was quick by Nirvana's standards, but not for Albini, who was used to mixing albums in a day or two. When work on a mix was not producing desired results, the band and Albini took the rest of the day off to watch nature videos, set things on fire and make prank calls.Azerrad, 1994. p. 318–19 The sessions were completed on February 26.Gaar, 2006. p. 64 "I Hate Myself and Want to Die" was omitted from the album as Cobain felt it already contained too many "noise" songs.DeRogatis, 2003. p. 6
Cobain was upset and said to Azerrad, "I should just re-record this record and do the same thing we did last year because we sold out last year—there's no reason to try and redeem ourselves as artists at this point. I can't help myself—I'm just putting out a record I would like to listen to at home." However, a number of Nirvana's friends liked the album, and by April, Nirvana was intent on releasing In Utero as it was. According to Cobain, "Of course, they want another Nevermind, but I'd rather die than do that. This is exactly the kind of record I would buy as a fan, that I would enjoy owning."Azerrad, 1994. p. 332
The band began to have doubts about the record. Cobain said, "The first time I played it at home, I knew there was something wrong. The whole first week I wasn't really interested in listening to it at all, and that usually doesn't happen. I got no emotion from it, I was just numb."Mothersole, Ben. "Nirvana's Kurt Cobain: Getting to Know Utero". Circus. November 30, 1993. The group concluded that the bass and lyrics were inaudible and asked Albini to remix the album. He declined; as he recalled, "Cobain wanted to make a record that he could slam down on the table and say, 'Listen, I know this is good, and I know your concerns about it are meaningless, so go with it.' And I don't think he felt he had that yet ... My problem was that I feared a slippery slope."Gaar, 2006. p. 69 The band attempted to address their concerns during the Audio mastering process with Bob Ludwig at his studio in Portland, Maine. Novoselic was pleased with the results, but Cobain still did not feel it was perfect.Azerrad, 1994. p. 336
Soon afterward, in April 1993, Albini told the Chicago Tribune that he doubted Geffen would release the album.Greg Kot. "Record Label Finds Little Bliss in Nirvana's Latest". Chicago Tribune. April 19, 1993. Years later, Albini said: "I wasn't there when the band was having their discussions with the record label. All I know is ... we made a record, everybody was happy with it. A few weeks later I hear that it's unreleasable and it's all got to be redone."Gaar, 2006. p. 66 While Albini's remarks in the article drew no reply from Nirvana or Geffen, Newsweek ran a similar article soon afterwards that did.Goodman, Fred. "Nirvana to 'Newsweek': Drop dead". Rolling Stone. June 24, 1993. Nirvana wrote a letter to Newsweek denying any pressure to change the album and saying the author had "ridiculed our relationship with our label based on totally erroneous information". The band reprinted the letter in a full-page ad in Billboard. Rosenblatt insisted in a press release that Geffen would release anything Nirvana submitted, and the label founder, David Geffen, made the unusual move of calling Newsweek to complain.Azerrad, 1994. p. 336–37
Nirvana considered working with the producer Scott Litt and remixing some tracks with Andy Wallace, who had mixed Nevermind. Albini vehemently disagreed, and said the band had agreed not to modify the tracks without his involvement. He initially refused to give the master tapes to Gold Mountain, but relented after a phone call from Novoselic. The band eventually had Litt remix songs intended as singles; "Heart Shaped Box" and "All Apologies" were remixed at Seattle's Bad Animals Studio in May 1993.Azerrad, 1994. p. 337–38
The rest of the album was left unaltered aside from a remastering.Azerrad, 1994. p. 338 Albini was critical of the final mix; he said, "The record in the stores doesn't sound all that much like the record that was made, though it's still them singing and playing their songs, and the musical quality of it still comes across." According to Albini, In Utero made him unpopular with major record labels, and he faced problems finding work in the year following its release.
Azerrad asserted in his 1993 biography that In Utero showcased divergent sensibilities of abrasiveness and accessibility that reflected the upheavals Cobain experienced prior to the album's completion. He wrote, "The Beatlesque 'Dumb' happily coexists beside the all-out frenzied Punk rock graffiti of 'Milk It,' while 'All Apologies' is worlds away from the apoplectic 'Scentless Apprentice.' It's as if Cobain has given up trying to meld his punk and pop instincts into one harmonious whole. Forget it. This is war." Cobain believed, however, that In Utero was not "any harsher or any more emotional" than any of Nirvana's previous records.Azerrad, 1994. p. 321 Novoselic agreed that the album leaned more towards the band's "arty, aggressive side"; he said, "There's always been Nirvana songs like 'About a Girl' and there's always been songs like 'Paper Cuts'... Nevermind came out kind of 'About a Girl'-y and this album came out more 'Paper Cuts'".Azerrad, 1994. p. 332–33 Cobain cited "Milk It" as an example of the more experimental and aggressive direction in which the band's music had been moving in the months prior to the sessions at Pachyderm Studio.Azerrad, 1994. p. 323 Novoselic viewed the album's singles "Heart-Shaped Box" and "All Apologies" as "gateways" to the more abrasive sound of the rest of the album, telling the journalist Jim DeRogatis that once listeners played the record, they would discover "this aggressive wild sound, a true alternative record".DeRogatis, 2003. p. 18
In a 2023 episode of the Rolling Stone Music Now podcast with Azerrad, it was noted that the songs "Very Ape" and "Milk It" sound similar to "Kanishka" by Los Brujos and "It's Shoved" by Melvins, respectively.
Several songs on In Utero were written years prior to recording; some dated to 1990.Gaar, 2006. p. 3 Cobain favored long song titles, such as "Frances Farmer Will Have Her Revenge on Seattle", in reaction to contemporary alternative rock bands that used single-word titles.Azerrad, 1994. p. 326–27 He continued to work on the lyrics while recording.Gaar, 2006. p. 41 He told Darcey Steinke in Spin in 1993 that, in contrast to Bleach and Nevermind, the lyrics were "more focused, they're almost built on themes".Steinke, Darcey. "Smashing Their Heads on That Punk Rock". Spin: pp. 42–49. October 1993. Azerrad asserted that the lyrics were less impressionistic and more straightforward than in previous Nirvana songs. Azerrad also noted that "virtually every song contains some image of sickness and disease". In a number of songs, Cobain made reference to books; "Frances Farmer Will Have Her Revenge on Seattle" was inspired by Shadowland, a 1978 biography of actress Frances Farmer, with whom Cobain had been fascinated ever since he read the book in high school.Gaar, 2006. p. 50–51 "Scentless Apprentice" was written about , a historical horror novel about a perfumer's apprentice who attempts to create the ultimate perfume by killing virgin women and taking their scent.Gaar, 2006. p. 42–43
According to the psychologist Thomas Joiner, it is clear that suicide was on Cobain's mind as he worked on the album, with its lyrics illustrating "the merging of death with themes of nurturance and life, sometimes in stark and disturbing ways." Examples include the song "Milk It", with the phrase "I am my own parasite", which according to Joiner is a "succinct and even sublime way to combine urges toward death and life." The words "Her milk is my shit, My shit is her milk" demonstrate that "Cobain clearly had a penchant for disturbing imagery in which themes of nurturance are merged with themes of disease and waste." Another example is Cobain's referral to an "umbilical noose" in the song "Heart Shaped Box". (2025). 9780674019010, Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674019010
Cobain described In Utero as "very impersonal".Savage, Jon. "Sounds Dirty: The Truth About Nirvana". The Observer. August 15, 1993. He also told Q that the infant and childbirth imagery on the album and his newfound fatherhood were coincidental.Sutcliffe, Phil. "Kurt Cobain: King of Pain". Q. October 1993. However, Azerrad argued that much of the album contains personal themes, noting that Grohl held a similar view. Grohl said, "A lot of what he has to say is related to a lot of the shit he's gone through. And it's not so much teen angst any more. It's a whole different ball game: rock star angst."Azerrad, 1994. p. 322 Cobain downplayed recent events and told Azerrad that he did not want to write a track that explicitly expressed his anger at the media; Azerrad countered that "Rape Me" seemed to deal with that very issue. While Cobain said the song was written long before his addiction problems became public, he agreed that the song could be viewed in that light.Azerrad, 1994, p. 322–23 "Serve the Servants" comments on Cobain's life. The opening lines "Teenage angst has paid off well / Now I'm bored and old" were a reference to Cobain's state of mind in the wake of Nirvana's success.Azerrad, 1994. p. 325 Cobain dismissed the media attention given to the effect his parents' divorce had on his life with the line "That legendary divorce is such a bore" from the chorus, and directly addressed his father with the lines "I tried hard to have a father / But instead I had a dad / I just want you to know that I don't hate you any more / There is nothing I could say that I haven't thought before". Cobain said he wanted his father to know he did not hate him, but had no desire to talk to him.Azerrad, 1994. p. 326
According to the journalist Gillian G. Gaar, "Gallons of Rubbing Alcohol Flow Through the Strip" was the kind of improvisational jam Nirvana frequently performed in the studio, but had rarely recorded during earlier sessions, when the priority had been to record as quickly as possible. She wrote that it featured "Cobain alternating between seemingly disconnected singing and spoken-words sections, with Novoselic and Grohl providing a steady background accompaniment, punctuated by bursts of noisy guitar." Journalist Everett True described the song's mood as "playful", with "the instruments engaging in a game of cat and mouse, almost daring each other to explode in fury". Novoselic said it was an example of the band "just fucking around".
The art director for In Utero was Robert Fisher, who had designed all of Nirvana's releases on DGC. Most of the ideas for the artwork for the album and related singles came from Cobain. Fisher recalled that "Cobain would just give me some loose odds and ends and say 'Do something with it.'"Gaar, 2006. p. 79 The cover of the album is an image of a Transparent Anatomical Manikin, with angel wings superimposed. Cobain created the collage on the back cover which he described as "Sex and woman and In Utero and vaginas and birth and death", consisting of model fetuses, a turtle shell and models of turtles, and body parts lying in a bed of orchids and lilies. The collage had been set up on the floor of Cobain's living room and was photographed by Charles Peterson after an unexpected call from Cobain.Gaar, 2006. p. 83 The album's track listing and re-illustrated symbols from Barbara G. Walker's The Woman's Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects were then positioned around the edge of the collage.Gaar, 2006. p. 84
Mannequins of the angel-winged anatomical figure were used as stage props on Nirvana's concert tour supporting In Utero. One such mannequin later featured at the Experience Music Project museum's exhibition "Nirvana: Taking Punk to the Masses", which ran from April 2011 through 2013 and showcased memorabilia celebrating the band's music and history.
In Utero was released on September 13, 1993, on CD, vinyl record and Compact cassette in the United Kingdom, and on September 14 on vinyl in the United States, with the American vinyl pressing limited to 25,000 copies.Gaar, 2006. p. 97" In the Works: Pearl Jam on Vinyl ". Entertainment Weekly. October 15, 1993. Retrieved August 29, 2012. It was issued on CD and in other formats on September 21 in the US. European and Australian versions of In Utero released that same month included "Gallons of Rubbing Alcohol Flow Through the Strip" as a hidden bonus track,Borzillo-Vrenna, 2003. p. 188 with a sticker on the cover reading "Exclusive International Bonus Track", although the booklet referred to the song as a "Devalued American Dollar Purchase Incentive Track". According to Novoselic, DGC did not want the European version to compete with the US version, and so added the extra track.
In Utero debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200," In Numero Uno". Entertainment Weekly. October 8, 1993. Retrieved December 1, 2008. Archived from the original on January 16, 2010. selling 180,000 copies.Gaar, 2006. p. 98 By late 1993, it had sold 1 million copies in the US and 1.3 million copies outside of the US. The retail chain stores Wal-Mart and Kmart refused to sell it; according to The New York Times, Wal-Mart said this was due to lack of consumer demand, while Kmart representatives said the album did not fit with their "merchandise mix".Jon Pareles. " Nirvana, the Band That Hates to Be Loved ". The New York Times. November 14, 1993. Retrieved February 25, 2008. In truth, both chains feared that customers would be offended by the artwork on the back cover. DGC issued a new version to the stores in March 1994, with edited album artwork, "Rape Me" retitled "Waif Me", and the Scott Litt remix of "Pennyroyal Tea".Gaar, 2006. p. 87 A spokesperson for Nirvana explained that the band decided to edit the packaging because they wanted their music available to "kids who don't have the opportunity to go to mom-and-pop stores".Gordinier, Jeff. " Attention Kmart Shoppers ". Entertainment Weekly. April 8, 1994. Retrieved January 20, 2009. In Utero also debuted at number one in the United Kingdom where according to NME, "Nirvana confirmed their status as the seminal band of the time".
In October 1993, Nirvana began their first American tour in two years to promote the album.Azerrad, 1994. p. 352 A second single, a split release that featured "All Apologies" and "Rape Me", was issued in December in the United Kingdom. The band began a six-week European leg in February 1994, but it was canceled partway through after Cobain suffered a drug overdose in Rome on March 6.Azerrad, 1994. p. 344, 354 Cobain agreed to enter drug rehabilitation, but went missing soon afterward. On April 8, he was found dead in his Seattle home, having shot himself.Neil Strauss; Foege, Alec. " The Downward Spiral ". Rolling Stone. June 2, 1994. Retrieved September 1, 2011. A third single from In Utero, "Pennyroyal Tea", was canceled in the wake of Cobain's death and the subsequent dissolution of Nirvana; limited promotional copies were released in Britain. Three days after Cobain's body was discovered, In Utero moved from number 72 to number 27 on the Billboard charts,Pareles, Jon. " Music Confers an Afterlife As Cacophony Lingers On ". The New York Times. April 17, 1994. Retrieved January 21, 2009. with a 122% sales increase of 40,000 copies sold compared to 18,000 in the week before, and having sold a total of 1.8 million copies in the US alone.
In Utero was certified Platinum record in the US for shipments of over six million units in 2024. Top 100 Albums . RIAA.com. Retrieved November 20, 2008. It has sold 4,258,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan in 2013. It has sold 15 million copies world-wide.
NME writer John Mulvey had doubts about the record; he concluded, "As a document of a mind in flux – dithering, dissatisfied, unable to come to terms with sanity – Kurt should be proud of the. As a follow-up to one of the best records of the past ten years it just isn't quite there." Ben Thompson of The Independent commented that in spite of the more abrasive songs, " In Utero is beautiful far more often than it is ugly ... Nirvana have wisely neglected to make the unlistenable punk-rock nightmare they threatened us with."Thompson, Ben. In Utero (review). Independent on Sunday. September 1993. Q felt that the album showcases Cobain's songwriting abilities and wrote, "If this is how Cobain is going to develop, the future is lighthouse-bright."
Several critics ranked In Utero one of the best releases of the year; it placed first and second in the album categories of the Rolling Stone and Village Voice Pazz & Jop year-end critics' polls.Fricke, David. "Kurt Cobain: The Rolling Stone Interview". Rolling Stone. January 27, 1994.Christgau, Robert. " The 1993 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll ". The Village Voice. March 1, 1994. Retrieved December 13, 2008. The New York Times included it on its list of the top ten albums of the year.Pareles, Jon. " The Pop Life". The New York Times. January 5, 1994. Retrieved December 13, 2008. It was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 1994 Grammy Awards.Rule, Sheila. " Sting Nominated To Receive 6 Grammys". The New York Times. January 7, 1994. Retrieved December 13, 2008. The guitar riff from "Very Ape" was sampled by British electronic band the Prodigy for their 1994 single "Voodoo People".
In 2004, Blender named In Utero the 94th greatest American album," 100 Greatest American Albums of All Time: In Utero". Blender. 2004. Retrieved January 25, 2009. and in 2005, Spin named it the 51st best album of the previous 20 years.Brod, Doug. "Nirvana – In Utero". Spin. July 2005. In 2005, In Utero was ranked number 358 in Rock Hard's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time. (2025). 9783898805179, Rock Hard. ISBN 9783898805179 In 2013, NME ranked it at number 35 on its list "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. (2010). 9780789320742, Universe. ISBN 9780789320742 In May 2017, Loudwire ranked it at number six on its list "The 30 Best Grunge Albums of All Time". In April 2019, Rolling Stone placed it at number eight on its 50 Greatest Grunge Albums list. In October 2023, the Official Charts Company revealed that In Utero was the fifth most streamed album from the 1990s in the United Kingdom.
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